WEBVTT 00:00:00.500 --> 00:00:03.975 Welcome to GCSE A Q A Geography revision. 00:00:04.125 --> 00:00:06.322 Topic G 16: Food. 00:00:06.472 --> 00:00:08.456 This is an optional topic. 00:00:08.606 --> 00:00:11.857 Study it if it is one of the options taught by your school. 00:00:12.007 --> 00:00:16.861 Use your school’s selected case studies if they differ from these revision examples. 00:00:19.533 --> 00:00:25.789 Food security means reliable access to enough safe, nutritious food for an active, healthy life. 00:00:25.939 --> 00:00:31.070 It involves availability, affordability, suitable use and stability over time. 00:00:33.733 --> 00:00:38.672 National food supply can appear adequate while poorer households are food insecure. 00:00:38.822 --> 00:00:42.913 Unequal income and access matter as much as total tonnes produced. 00:00:45.567 --> 00:00:48.127 Average calorie intake varies globally. 00:00:48.277 --> 00:00:56.233 An average can hide undernutrition among some people and excessive consumption among others; calories alone do not measure diet quality. 00:00:58.900 --> 00:01:02.727 Population growth increases the number of people needing food. 00:01:02.877 --> 00:01:09.499 Rising incomes can increase demand for meat and dairy, whose production often uses feed crops, land and water. 00:01:12.167 --> 00:01:15.418 Climate affects crop suitability and growing seasons. 00:01:15.568 --> 00:01:21.323 Droughts, floods and heat can damage harvests; climate change can alter the risk of these events. 00:01:24.000 --> 00:01:28.492 Technology, improved seeds, irrigation and machinery can raise output. 00:01:28.642 --> 00:01:33.021 Farmers need money, training, maintenance and access to markets to benefit. 00:01:35.700 --> 00:01:38.813 Pests and disease can destroy crops or livestock. 00:01:38.963 --> 00:01:43.138 Depending on one crop increases vulnerability if that crop fails. 00:01:45.800 --> 00:01:47.955 Water stress limits irrigation. 00:01:48.105 --> 00:01:53.331 Pumping beyond replenishment can reduce future supplies and make farming less secure. 00:01:56.000 --> 00:02:00.873 Conflict can destroy fields and stores, displace farmers and interrupt transport. 00:02:01.023 --> 00:02:05.494 Poverty can prevent people buying food even when markets have supplies. 00:02:08.167 --> 00:02:14.661 Undernutrition means insufficient energy or nutrients and can weaken immunity, growth and concentration. 00:02:14.811 --> 00:02:20.144 Famine is an extreme crisis with widespread severe food deprivation and excess deaths. 00:02:22.800 --> 00:02:26.326 Poor harvests can raise prices and reduce farm incomes. 00:02:26.476 --> 00:02:31.799 Households may sell assets or withdraw children from school, making later recovery harder. 00:02:34.467 --> 00:02:41.281 Pressure to grow food on unsuitable slopes or overuse land can remove vegetation and increase soil erosion. 00:02:41.431 --> 00:02:44.407 Losing fertile soil reduces future yields. 00:02:47.067 --> 00:02:51.599 Rising prices and unequal access can contribute to social unrest. 00:02:51.749 --> 00:02:57.945 Food shortages have several interacting causes; avoid explaining every conflict as a food dispute. 00:03:00.600 --> 00:03:04.490 Irrigation supplies water to crops when rainfall is inadequate. 00:03:04.640 --> 00:03:11.711 It can raise yields or allow another crop, but uses water and can cause waterlogging or salt build-up if badly managed. 00:03:14.367 --> 00:03:18.288 Hydroponics grows plants without soil using a nutrient solution. 00:03:18.438 --> 00:03:24.367 It allows controlled water and nutrient use, but equipment, energy and technical skills are needed. 00:03:24.517 --> 00:03:26.095 Growing without soil. 00:03:26.245 --> 00:03:28.421 Schematic hydroponic system. 00:03:28.571 --> 00:03:33.106 Aeroponics differs: roots are exposed to air and receive a nutrient mist. 00:03:37.767 --> 00:03:42.205 Aeroponics suspends roots in air and sprays them with a nutrient mist. 00:03:42.355 --> 00:03:47.463 It can use little water but crops can fail quickly if pumps or controls stop working. 00:03:50.133 --> 00:03:56.874 Green Revolution approaches combine productive crop varieties with inputs such as irrigation and fertiliser. 00:03:57.024 --> 00:04:02.048 Increased harvests can come with higher costs, chemical pollution and unequal access. 00:04:04.700 --> 00:04:09.236 Biotechnology can develop useful crop traits through scientific techniques. 00:04:09.386 --> 00:04:17.875 Consider the specific trait, local conditions, seed cost and regulation rather than assuming every modified crop has the same benefits. 00:04:20.533 --> 00:04:24.623 Appropriate technology fits local resources and maintenance skills. 00:04:24.773 --> 00:04:31.637 Composting, small-scale water storage and repairable tools can improve output without expensive infrastructure. 00:04:34.300 --> 00:04:40.475 Large agricultural developments can supply many consumers and create processing and transport jobs. 00:04:40.625 --> 00:04:45.637 They can also displace communities, consume scarce water and damage habitats. 00:04:48.300 --> 00:04:55.829 Sustainable food production aims to maintain output and livelihoods without exhausting soils, water or ecosystems. 00:04:55.979 --> 00:05:00.123 Evaluate benefits over several seasons rather than one good harvest. 00:05:02.800 --> 00:05:07.717 Organic farming restricts many synthetic chemicals and can encourage soil care. 00:05:07.867 --> 00:05:12.393 Yields, labour requirements and pest problems vary with crop and conditions. 00:05:15.067 --> 00:05:20.645 Permaculture designs farming systems around interacting plants, animals, soils and water. 00:05:20.795 --> 00:05:25.700 Mixed planting, composting and capturing water can reduce external inputs. 00:05:28.367 --> 00:05:33.187 Urban farms and community gardens can provide fresh produce and education. 00:05:33.337 --> 00:05:37.935 They usually supplement a city's food supply rather than replace all farmland. 00:05:40.600 --> 00:05:45.953 Sustainable fisheries control catches and protect breeding populations and habitats. 00:05:46.103 --> 00:05:51.808 Labels and management evidence are more useful than assuming all wild-caught fish are sustainable. 00:05:54.467 --> 00:05:58.865 Meat production impacts depend on feed, land, animal care and emissions. 00:05:59.015 --> 00:06:03.675 Reducing avoidable consumption and waste can lower demand for resources. 00:06:06.333 --> 00:06:10.680 Seasonal foods can reduce the need for heated production or long storage. 00:06:10.830 --> 00:06:15.247 Transport mode and production methods still determine much of the footprint. 00:06:17.900 --> 00:06:24.553 Improved drying, refrigeration, packaging and transport reduce losses before food reaches consumers. 00:06:24.703 --> 00:06:28.303 Meal planning and suitable portions reduce household waste. 00:06:30.967 --> 00:06:37.269 Local schemes work best when farmers choose suitable practices, can obtain equipment and retain skills. 00:06:37.419 --> 00:06:42.401 A scheme's success also depends on rainfall, land rights and access to markets. 00:06:45.067 --> 00:06:52.904 Almería in south-east Spain has extensive greenhouse horticulture producing vegetables for Spanish and export markets. 00:06:53.054 --> 00:06:58.641 Covered growing conditions and controlled inputs help supply crops beyond a short outdoor season. 00:07:01.300 --> 00:07:05.837 The production system creates farming, packing, transport and supplier jobs. 00:07:05.987 --> 00:07:10.788 Reliable output supplies consumers and brings income to growers and the region. 00:07:13.467 --> 00:07:17.065 Water scarcity is a major challenge in this dry setting. 00:07:17.215 --> 00:07:24.020 Irrigation efficiency can reduce water per crop, but extensive production still puts pressure on total supplies. 00:07:26.700 --> 00:07:30.659 Greenhouses generate plastic waste and change the landscape. 00:07:30.809 --> 00:07:37.666 Worker conditions, chemical use and management of used materials affect the social and environmental costs. 00:07:40.333 --> 00:07:46.423 Almería demonstrates that increasing output and exports is different from guaranteeing sustainability. 00:07:46.573 --> 00:07:50.841 Evaluate water sourcing, waste management and who receives the income. 00:07:53.500 --> 00:08:02.245 F A O documents farmer field schools in Bukoba district, Kagera, in north-western Tanzania, as part of work on land and water management. 00:08:02.395 --> 00:08:06.986 Farmers compare practices in plots and choose techniques suited to their conditions. 00:08:09.667 --> 00:08:17.686 Observation, trials and discussion can improve soil care and pest decisions instead of applying costly inputs without checking need. 00:08:17.836 --> 00:08:20.268 Farmers share skills within the community. 00:08:22.933 --> 00:08:29.321 Keeping soil productive and using water carefully can support more reliable food production and livelihoods. 00:08:29.471 --> 00:08:34.655 The approach builds local decision-making rather than depending only on imported equipment. 00:08:37.333 --> 00:08:42.045 Results depend on participation, access to land, weather and resources. 00:08:42.195 --> 00:08:49.649 This is a documented approach used in local schemes, not an invented yield figure or a claim about every Tanzanian farm. 00:08:52.300 --> 00:08:53.910 That completes Food. 00:08:54.060 --> 00:08:57.405 Revisit the notes and test yourself on the revision website.